This article examines the evolving integration of farming and livestock keeping in Kenya and Tanzania, and its impact on livelihoods, land use, food security, and the environment. It finds that “hybrid” agropastoral livelihoods, which blend these…
Over six decades (1961–2021), Tanzania's agriculture transformed significantly due to population growth, policy shifts, and climate variability. Agricultural land expanded by 52% and arable land by 160%, but rapid population growth (3.38% annually)…
Digital trade has been driven by the technological revolution and the universalisation of the Internet, redefining both consumption and the structure of international trade. Despite its potential benefits, the digital transformation has brought with…
In recent years, trade agreements between states have evolved, expanding the topics addressed, including, in some cases, chapters on gender. The general objective of this study is to determine whether the Gender Chapter of the Interim Trade…
In 2019, the European Union launched the European Green Deal; a project to make the EU a climate-neutral area. As part of this project the EU, in 2023, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union approved the Regulation (EU) 2023/…
The transition to the digital economy poses significant challenges to international investment law, which was originally designed for the traditional economy. Current international investment agreements often fail to address developments in the…
The digital economy is guiding cross-border business connectivity, market mechanisms, investments, business incubation, and digital public infrastructure cooperation. In the digital economy ecology, developing economies in the Indo-Pacific need to…
The rise of the digital economy has prompted states to turn to domestic law – including data localization, source code disclosure requirements, digital asset restrictions, and digital services taxes – to address its challenges. Simultaneously,…
This chapter provides an overview of the growing influence of both labour standards and gender equality concerns in contemporary trade debates, and in particular how existing FTAs have increasingly accommodated both types of issues. In the following…