The balance-of-payments (BOP)-constrained growth rate is the maximum gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate above which unsustainable current account deficits emerge, forcing policymakers to implement contractionary measures that ultimately reduce…
Pakistan ranks among the world’s most polluted countries, with transport emissions being a major contributor to deteriorating air quality. In Punjab, rising smog poses serious environmental and public health risks, with Lahore’s transport sector…
This paper examines how a country’s integration into global value chains (GVCs) influences its economic growth. GVCs have transformed international trade by shifting the focus from final goods to fragmented production networks across countries.…
This paper assesses the potential repercussions of US tariff policies on Pakistan's exports to the US. The imposition of a 19-percent tariff would result in an equivalent increase in costs for Pakistani exporters. Assuming this increase is passed…
This study assesses the potential impact of the European Union (EU)'s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on Pakistan’s exports. Starting in 2026, CBAM’s definitive phase will initially target high-emission sectors, so Pakistan’s exports may…
We estimate the impact of international standards certification on the export performance of firms in a developing economy using a unique panel data from Pakistan’s textile and apparel sector. To address endogeneity, we implement a novel…
The Pacific Rim has been a central pillar of Chile's international integration since the return to democracy in 1990, supported by its active participation in APEC and an extensive network of trade agreements. This report analyzes the opportunities…
For many Global South countries, domestic demand for cultural goods cannot sustain the livelihoods of cultural workers. Expanding exports is therefore essential, yet access to Global North markets remains constrained by persistent trade barriers.…
Chile and Guatemala have a solid and stable relationship that has materialised in various instances of mutual cooperation and understanding. Despite this, in aspects such as bilateral trade in goods, the relationship can still be strengthened…
Digital trade has been driven by the technological revolution and the universalisation of the Internet, redefining both consumption and the structure of international trade. Despite its potential benefits, the digital transformation has brought with…