The balance-of-payments (BOP)-constrained growth rate is the maximum gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate above which unsustainable current account deficits emerge, forcing policymakers to implement contractionary measures that ultimately reduce GDP growth. We estimate Pakistan’s BOP-constrained annual growth rate to be 3.71 percent for the period 1996–2023, which is significantly lower than the estimate of 4.41 percent for the period 1980–2017. The BOP-constrained growth rate is most sensitive to changes in import income elasticity.

The mounting interest in the environment has triggered scholars’ attention and effort to study the determinants of environmental degradation. Yet, a gap in the literature remains unexplored, environmental impacts of trade market diversification/concentration. This study is the first attempt to explore the effect of trade market diversification besides other variables such as economic growth, energy and foreign direct investment (FDI) on environment in Gulf Cooperation Council countries from 2000 to 2018.

The study investigates the dynamic relationship between education quality and economic growth in developed and developing countries for the period 2000–2020. Considering the Group Mean Fully Modified OLS (GM-FMOLS) model, the results prove the existence of long-run equilibrium relationships among observed variables and that education quality has a strong and significant positive impact on economic growth. A Panel Vector Error Correction Model (PVECM) has been adopted to show the long-run and short-run causality among the variables across the countries.

The complex relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), political stability, and economic growth remains a critical area of study, particularly for developing economies like South Africa. This research investigates how FDI impacts economic growth in South Africa, with a special focus on the role political stability plays in moderating this effect. The study aims to contribute to the ongoing debate about the importance of political conditions for maximising the benefits of FDI.

This study investigates the relationship between ESG performance and economic growth in BRICS nations from 2000 to 2020, aiming to understand how ESG practices influence development trajectories. By integrating economic theories with relevant conceptual frameworks, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of ESG dynamics in emerging economies. The purpose of this study is to determine how the economic growth of the BRICS countries between 2000 and 2020 was impacted by ESG performance at the national level.

The paper aims to verify the ambivalent causal relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions.
The data used were obtained from the World Development Indicators database for the period of 2000-2023. The
simultaneous equation model was used with three-stage least squares (3SLS). The results revealed that gross domestic
product increased CO2 emissions by 0.787 and that CO2 emissions decreased gross domestic product by 0.375 at the
threshold of 1%. However, to achieve growth in terms of environmental protection in Benin, it is necessary to invest

L'escalade protectionniste américaine de 2025 menace les économies africaines exportatrices de matières premières à travers l'imposition de droits de douane visant 185 pays. Cette étude quantifie l'impact simulé de chocs tarifaires sur 46 pays africains entre 1970 et 2019, en analysant spécifiquement le canal de transmission par les prix à l'exportation. Nos estimations économétriques (effets fixes, MCG, GMM-système) montrent qu'une détérioration des termes de l'échange réduit significativement la croissance du PIB par habitant.

La participation des femmes à la population active reste inférieure à celle des hommes, notamment dans les pays en développement (PED) et les régions comme l’Afrique du Nord ou l’Asie du Sud. Cette inégalité, persistante malgré la hausse des revenus, interroge son lien avec le développement économique et les facteurs explicatifs (culturels, religieux, structurels).

Many African countries continue to face economic challenges even though the continent has much potential for economic progress. Entrepreneurship and ICT are one of the key forces behind economic change. However, little is known about how entrepreneurship, ICT, and economic growth affect economic resilience and development in Africa at the international level. Designing policies supporting a more resilient and inclusive African economy requires understanding this.

The banking sector efficiently reallocates financial resources in the economy. Based on this firm belief, it is clear that the economic sectors need capital to grow the economy, and Jordan needs to get rid of its accumulated economic problems. Therefore, relying on the banking sector to reallocate resources is important. This paper studies the relationship between the share of banking facilities in Jordan's economic sectors and the rate of growth in real gross domestic product (RGDP).