Pakistan ranks among the world’s most polluted countries, with transport emissions being a major contributor to deteriorating air quality. In Punjab, rising smog poses serious environmental and public health risks, with Lahore’s transport sector…
With the rapid advancement of corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) ratings, it is crucial to examine their effects on China’s pursuit of ‘New Quality Productive Forces’ from both efficiency-driven and innovation-driven perspectives…
This article examines the relationship between transparency and legitimacy in investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) jurisprudence, particularly in the context of Third-Party Funding (TPF). The initial section of the paper scrutinizes transparency…
Spillover Effects of Government Subsidies On Outward Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from China.
We examine the effect of government subsidies on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by Chinese listed firms. Based on a panel dataset covering Chinese listed firms from 2009 to 2021, our findings indicate that government subsidies can promote…
Resolving the crisis in the dispute settlement system is a priority issue for the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and Members have made sustained efforts in this regard. Since the Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12), discussions on…
A major shift has been observed recently in the transport industry due in no small part to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this paper was to determine the changes that occurred on the cargo transport market during that period. In order to…
International arbitration institutions have been requested to administer an increasing number of investment disputes. In investment arbitration, a responding state usually stipulates its standing offers to arbitrate in the bilateral investment…