The controversy whether the “fear of floating” or the “fear of capital mobility” determines a country’s foreign reserve holdings is an ongoing research debate. This issue remains unresolved in global economic and finance studies. This study has the…
Effective risk management is a prerequisite to find an acceptable balance between the objectives of a customs operation and the streamlined flow of goods. The customs operations in many developing countries are characterised by high levels of…
El 5 de junio del 2018, México se unió a un ejército de países que han decidido aplicar tarifas en represalia a los impuestos aplicados por Estados Unidos al metal y al acero. Los impuestos, dentro un rango de 15-25%, se aplicarán a comida, alcohol…
The law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is not autonomous. It shapes and is shaped. It affects not only countries’ trade and tariff policies, but also shapes their laws, regulations and institutions. In particular, it creates new…
The economies of southern Africa all face significant development challenges, not helped by the fact that many of these countries are ill-prepared for the demands of the rapidly advancing digital era. Given its heterogeneous membership and therefore…