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The Reparation Theory in European Union Damages Liabilities Cases: Challenges for Data Breaches
As data breaches often affect a large number of data subjects, the material and non-material damages sustained from the violations of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are staggering. Meanwhile, EU law lacks clarity on this subject.…
Status, Challenges and China's Responsible Role in WTO Reform
The World Trade Organization (WTO) faces complex challenges as it carries out reforms given the intertwining interests of its members under the multilateral trading regime. When the WTO fulfills its dispute settlement function, some members differ…
From Confrontation To Coexistence: An Appeal Opt-Out Arrangement As An Inclusive Approach To Revive The WTO Dispute Settlement System?
Resolving the crisis in the dispute settlement system is a priority issue for the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and Members have made sustained efforts in this regard. Since the Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12), discussions on…
Disciplining CBDCs: Achieving the Balance between Privacy Protection and Central Bank Independence
Central bank digital currency (“CBDC”) is a crucial FinTech development that aspires to overhaul the current payment system. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, CBDCs' promises to reduce personal contact, facilitate socially desirable use of…
The Problems of Using the Latest Institutional Arbitration Rules for Investment Treaty Disputes
International arbitration institutions have been requested to administer an increasing number of investment disputes. In investment arbitration, a responding state usually stipulates its standing offers to arbitrate in the bilateral investment…