Ambivalent causal relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Benin

The paper aims to verify the ambivalent causal relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions.
The data used were obtained from the World Development Indicators database for the period of 2000-2023. The
simultaneous equation model was used with three-stage least squares (3SLS). The results revealed that gross domestic
product increased CO2 emissions by 0.787 and that CO2 emissions decreased gross domestic product by 0.375 at the
threshold of 1%. However, to achieve growth in terms of environmental protection in Benin, it is necessary to invest
more in ecotourism, renewable energy consumption, and activities capable of increasing the capacity for CO2
absorption and internal carbon storage.