Effective risk management is a prerequisite to find an acceptable balance between the objectives of a customs operation and the streamlined flow of goods. The customs operations in many developing countries are characterised by high levels of physical inspections, with resulting disruption of trade flows, but with little positive impact for the regional economy. Most developed economies have moved towards customs risk management models based on the analysis of rich datasets that can be used to accurately determine the risk represented by a cargo consignment without physically stopping it.

This study investigates the effect of telecommunication operations on economic growth and development in selected African countries. The analysis considers a panel of 46 African countries from 2000 to 2015. To measure economic growth, real gross domestic product serves as the proxy, while economic development is measured by the Human Development Index, and telecommunication operations by a composite index of telecommunication computed from mobile line, fixed/CDM line and Internet access penetration via principal component analysis.

Portfolio investors during 1880–1914 were motivated by the prospect of higher (ex-ante) expected returns and the search for diversification. At the London stock exchange, such overseas portfolios also realised higher (ex-post) returns than domestic portfolios. However, this result cannot be generalised.

Digital technology has significantly changed the speed of operation in the economy. The Internet and digital devices are a driver of economic growth. This article analyzes the Russian digital economy and society in the context of comparison with EU countries and draws conclusions regarding future development trends. Based on secondary data from the European Commission, this study tackles five components of the Digital Economy and Society Index.