This article examines the relationship between transparency and legitimacy in investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) jurisprudence, particularly in the context of Third-Party Funding (TPF). The initial section of the paper scrutinizes transparency…
The First International Conference on Trade Openness, Economic Development, and Economic Sustainability, held in March 2023 in Kathmandu, brought together academics, policymakers, and practitioners to explore the intersections of trade…
ln recent years, the trend of politicization of trade has become increasingly fierce. The reasons are as follows: firstly, at the ideological level, it is caused by the zero-sum game thought prevailing in the international society dominated by the…
Resolving the crisis in the dispute settlement system is a priority issue for the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and Members have made sustained efforts in this regard. Since the Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12), discussions on…
Background
Globalisation has brought significant benefits to countries’ industrialisation, but its impact has not been uniform. Policymakers in developing countries have increasingly focused on sound institutions’ role in offsetting the potential…
International arbitration institutions have been requested to administer an increasing number of investment disputes. In investment arbitration, a responding state usually stipulates its standing offers to arbitrate in the bilateral investment…