This paper examines how a country’s integration into global value chains (GVCs) influences its economic growth. GVCs have transformed international trade by shifting the focus from final goods to fragmented production networks across countries.…
Pakistan’s exports have remained stagnant despite multiple exchange-rate depreciations. Empirical evidence from product-level data between 2003 and 2024 indicates that changes in the real effective exchange rate and energy tariffs have had limited…