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The Reparation Theory in European Union Damages Liabilities Cases: Challenges for Data Breaches
As data breaches often affect a large number of data subjects, the material and non-material damages sustained from the violations of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are staggering. Meanwhile, EU law lacks clarity on this subject.…
From Confrontation To Coexistence: An Appeal Opt-Out Arrangement As An Inclusive Approach To Revive The WTO Dispute Settlement System?
Resolving the crisis in the dispute settlement system is a priority issue for the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and Members have made sustained efforts in this regard. Since the Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12), discussions on…
Disciplining CBDCs: Achieving the Balance between Privacy Protection and Central Bank Independence
Central bank digital currency (“CBDC”) is a crucial FinTech development that aspires to overhaul the current payment system. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, CBDCs' promises to reduce personal contact, facilitate socially desirable use of…
Strategies for supplying enterprises with energy under changing coal prices on the Polish market
AbstractThe primary fuel carrier of energy in the Polish economy is hard coal. Due to such a high share in the energy balance, it is important to guarantee stable and predictable prices for this raw material and to ensure the possibility of its…
The Problems of Using the Latest Institutional Arbitration Rules for Investment Treaty Disputes
International arbitration institutions have been requested to administer an increasing number of investment disputes. In investment arbitration, a responding state usually stipulates its standing offers to arbitrate in the bilateral investment…