There is broad consensus that job creation and productive employment are key to building a vibrant, inclusive economy. The digital era holds potential to expand employment opportunities, especially in Africa, where unemployment is high and economic…
In the presented paper, it is proved that a new objective trend appears in the current conditions of Eurasian region development. It will strengthen mutual cooperation between the countries of Eurasia and it will enrich regionalization process in…
This paper analyzes the effect of nontariff measures (NTMs) on firms in Tunisia. It draws a precise picture of NTMs’ effects on firms’ imports. We use firm‐level data to take into account firm heterogeneity. We explore the impact of NTMs on small vs…
For many years, the European Union has been an important market for agricultural products from Africa. However, African agricultural exporters have often found the European market difficult to access because of a raft of NTMs that add to exporters’…
This chapter investigates the uneven effects of TBT/SPS measures on bilateral trade flows, according to a country’s income level. Estimating standard gravity models, we find that the effects of TBT/SPS depend mostly on the exporter’s development…