This chapter investigates the uneven effects of TBT/SPS measures on bilateral trade flows, according to a country’s income level. Estimating standard gravity models, we find that the effects of TBT/SPS depend mostly on the exporter’s development…
The economies of southern Africa all face significant development challenges, not helped by the fact that many of these countries are ill-prepared for the demands of the rapidly advancing digital era. Given its heterogeneous membership and therefore…