The Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC) have recently embarked in an energy subsidy reform following the drastic drop of international oil prices in 2014. The reform consists of increasing energy prices (fuel, electricity, gas) in order to…
This article is an empirical attempt to explore the relationship between sanctions (financial and non-financial), oil price shocks and Iran-Russian bilateral trade flows over the period 1991–2014. In contrast to earlier studies in which a gravity…
Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries have recently developed their renewable energy markets. However, their rate of investment in renewable energy remains small as compared to other regions in the world, despite their relative abundant…